Glossary
Permanent establishment
A taxable presence in a country created by having a fixed place of business or dependent agent there, even without a local company.
Permanent establishment is how a country taxes a foreign business that operates within it. It can be created by an office, but also by people acting on the company's behalf, and increasingly by where infrastructure sits.
Node and validator placement raises this directly and it is not settled: whether running consensus infrastructure in a country creates a taxable presence there is a live question with no consistent answer across jurisdictions.
Where this comes up
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